ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among primary school children in Zahedan District, Southeastern Iran, as a tropical area. Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 400 students were selected randomly using multi-stage sampling technique. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) of -0.5 diopter (D) or more, hyperopia was defined as SE of +2.00 D or more and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was considered astigmatism. Anisometropia was defined as a difference of 1 D or more between two eyes. Cycloplegic refractive status was measured using auto-refractometer (Topcon 8800). Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 22 software program. Results: Mean ± SD of SE was (1.71 ± 1.16) D. A total of 20 students [6.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.96%-9.64%] were myopic (≤ -0.5 D), 186 students (58.1%, 95% CI: 52.50%-63.56%) were hyperopic (≥ +2.00 D) and 114 students (35.6%, 95% CI: 30.43%-41.18%) were emmetropic. The prevalence of astigmatism (≥ 0.75 D) among students was 3.4% (95% CI: 1.82%-6.25%). Anisometropia of 1 D or more was found in 21.3% (95% CI: 16.98%-26.23%) of the studied population. The prevalence of refractive errors was higher among girls than boys (73.1% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.001), but it was not significantly different among different age groups (P = 0.790). Conclusions: Refractive errors affect a sizable portion of students in Zahedan. Although myopia is not very prevalent, the high rate of hyperopia in the studied population emphasizes its need for attention.
ABSTRACT
Today, contact lenses have extensive usages. Contact lens places on cornea, so it may induce variation on cornea and these variations can influence the measurement of intraocular pressure [IOP] by Goldman tonometer. The aim of this research was to study the effect of various contact lenses on measurement of intraocular pressure by Goldman tonometer. In this study, 80 subjects aged 18-25 were selected randomly among patients of Al-Zahra ophthalmology center. None of them has any eye pathological problems. Before wearing the lens, intraocular pressure was measured, and then patients were divided into two groups of soft and hard contact lenses. Soft and hard contact lenses were placed on the eye for two hours, and the intraocular pressure was measured again. The mean of IOP before wearing contact lenses and two hours later was 15.96 mmHg and 13.93, s respectively. Paired test showed a significant difference between IOP before and after wearing contact lenses [p=0.001].There was no significant differences in mean of intraocular pressure decline before and after placing the contact lens in both soft and hard lenses. According to this study, the intraocular pressure decreases after wearing contact lenses [CL]. This decline may be due to variation in properties of cornea after wearing CL that can also affect IOP measurement
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Regarding the high outbreak rate of the eye disorders and problems particularly accommodation disorders and convergence insufficiency in computer users, the study tries to determine the convergence, accommodation system, condition, fusion reserves and vision dimension in bank employees [who work with computers] and the control group [who are not computer users] and then to compare the mentioned parameters in the two groups. In this cross-sectional and observational study a total of 44 bank employees and 44 people as the control group members were selected randomly. Initially, refractive problems were reformed, and then accommodation, convergence and vision dimension evaluative tests were conducted. The test included measuring the near point of convergence, jump convergence, phoria, accommodation range [one eye, both eyes], ease of accommodation [one eye, both eyes], positive and negative related accommodation, near fusion versions and TNO. Our results showed that there was a not significant difference among the near point of convergence, jump convergence, near phoria, accommodation range [one eye and both eyes], ease of accommodation [one eye, both eyes], positive and negative related accommodation in bank employees and control group. Regarding the studies, the outbreak rate of accommodation and convergence disorders is higher in bank employees than the control group which would be due to over working with computer within a fixed interval
ABSTRACT
Several studies have reported high prevalence of severe lack of cobalamine and Folate in aged people. The most important causes are: malnutrition, atrophic gastritis and drug use. Age related macular degeneration [ARMD] is a primary degenerative disorder of central retinal area with loss of visual acuity. Recent studies have shown a significant relationship between age related macular degeneration and lack of plasma level of Folate, red blood cells and cobalamine. This study was caried out to investigate the relationship between age related macular degeneration and plasma Folate, Cobalamine and photostress recovery time, in elderly population. This case - control study was done on 124 elderly population. The participants were collected from by cluster sampling in mashhad located in the Noth - East of Iran during 2006. The patients underwent eye examination including indirect ophthalmoscopy. Slit lamp examination and photostress recovery time for age related macular degeneration by an ophthalmologist. After blood sampling, plasma Folate, serum Cobalamine, were determined by RIA method [DRG kit]. The Mean +/- SD of cobalamin and folate in age related macular degeneration patients was 298.848 +/- 288.66 pg/ml and 5.543 +/- 3.58 ng/ml and in normal group was 310.775 +/- 531.38 pg/ml and 5.365 +/- 3.52 ng/ml. There was no significant difference between age related macular degeneration patients and control group. Photostress recovery time was significantly increased in patients with age related macular degeneration [P<0.05]. There was no significant relationship between photostress recovery time and Cobalamine and folate level. This study showed that serum cobalamin and folate non significantly is decreased in age related maucular degeneration patients, with increasing photostress recovery time, we can use this screening test for the dignosis of age related macular degeneration
Subject(s)
Humans , Folic Acid , Vitamin B 12 , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Visual AcuityABSTRACT
With the ever increasing incidence of coronary artery disease, its detection in particular through visual system becomes important. This study examines the relationship between corneal arcus and coronary risk factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar. For this cross-sectional study, 265 participants all aged over 30 years were randomly selected from the patients who referred to a clinic over the first three months of 2004. Cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar level was tested. Severity of corneal arcus was determined. The data were then analyzed using ANOVA and Chi square test with 95% confidence interval. Our results showed that the frequency and severity of corneal arcus were positively correlated with age [P=0.041]. And the condition was more prevalent in males [p=0.001]. There was a statistically significant difference between mean of cholesterol and blood sugar level and how severe corneal arcus [cholesterol P=0.004, blood sugar P=0.04]. But the condition was not related to the triglyceride level [p= 0.0268]. Corneal arcus picked up in eye exams can aid detection of coronary artery disease as the condition is related to other health problems such as high cholesterol and high fasting blood sugar level